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Description Together with Consulting Editor Dr. William Rayburn, Drs. D. Michael Nelson and Leslie Myatt have put together a unique issue that discusses The Human Placenta in Health and Disease. Expert authors have contributed clinical review articles on the following topics: Why obstetricians know the future health of the babies they deliver; How obstetricians can predict the future health of mothers after a complicated pregnancy; What obstetricians need to know about placental pathology; Immunology of the placenta; Diabetes mellitus, obesity, and the placenta; Intrauterine growth restriction and placental dysfunction; The placenta as the root cause for preeclampsia;
Placental anatomy and function in twin gestations; Placental implantation disorders: accreta, previa, and abruptio placentae; Key infections in the placenta; Chorioamnion function in normal and abnormal pregnancy; The future for imaging modalities of the human placenta; Artificial reproductive technologies and the decidual and placental development interface; and When the fetus goes still and the birth is tragic: The role of the placenta in stillbirths. Readers will come away with the clinical information they need to improve outcomes in the women, mothers, and infants.

Table of Contents Copyright Contributors Forthcoming Issues Foreword Preface Social Determinants of Placental Health and Future Disease Risks for Babies Key points The worsening health of United States populations Social determinants of health and disease Outcomes of pregnancies afflicted by maternal social adversities Social factors affect offspring health Maternal obesity as a consequence of social adversity Racism and pregnancy outcomes Developmental origins of health and disease The maternal intestinal microbiome and the placenta Nutritional stress in pregnancy and placental function Maternal social stress and placental function Maternal social status, toxicant exposure, and the placenta ´õº¸±â
Can health care practitioners predict the lifelong health of babies? By what biological mechanisms does the social environment mold the growth and function of the placenta and determine the health of the baby? The Placenta as a Window to Maternal Vascular Health Key points Introduction Maternal vascular malperfusion Dedicual vasculopathy Other maternal vascular malperfusion lesions Maternal vascular malperfusion lesions and maternal vascular health Summary What Obstetricians Need to Know About Placental Pathology Key points Introduction Indications for placental examination General placental examination Maternal vascular malperfusion Fetal vascular malperfusion Histologic acute chorioamnionitis Villitis of unknown etiology/chronic villitis Villitis caused by specific infectious organisms Rare lesions with a high risk of recurrence Summary Immunology of the Placenta Key points Introduction Immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface Mechanisms of maternal immune tolerance and adaptation Tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing family Innate immune properties of the placenta Summary and future directions Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, and the Placenta Key points The health problem—is the placenta involved? Early pregnancy events Later in pregnancy At the end of pregnancy Effects of preventive measures on the placenta Areas for future research The Placental Basis of Fetal Growth Restriction Key points Introduction Summary Placental Anatomy and Function in Twin Gestations Key points Introduction Zygosity, chorionicity, and their clinical implications Placental evaluation and injection studies Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence Selective intrauterine growth restriction Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence Summary Placental Implantation Disorders Key points Introduction Low-lying placenta and placenta previa Accreta placentation Abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord Abnormal placental shapes and placenta extrachorioalis Summary and future research Key Infections in the Placenta Key points Introduction TORCH—Toxoplasma gondii TORCH—other—syphilis TORCH—other—Listeria monocytogenes TORCH—other—malaria TORCH—other—parvovirus B19 TORCH—other—Zika virus TORCH—rubella virus TORCH—cytomegalovirus TORCH—herpes simplex virus Fetal Membranes, Not a Mere Appendage of the Placenta, but a Critical Part of the Fetal-Maternal Interface Controlling Parturition Key points Fetal membranes, an often ignored critical uterine tissue So, what are fetal membranes? Physiologic aging of fetal membranes during gestation and its relationship to normal parturition Preterm prelabor rupture of the fetal membranes, an understudied phenotype of spontaneous preterm births The causality of preterm prelabor rupture of the fetal membranes, an untapped area of research with no progress in clinical translational medicine Intrinsic factors: pathologic aging of fetal membranes promotes preterm prelabor rupture of the fetal membranes and preterm births Extrinsic factors Cervical remodeling and fetal membrane rupture External inflammatory challenges and fetal membrane rupture What has been left out? Can preterm prelabor rupture of the fetal membranes be predicted prior to occurrence? If a method to identify likely preterm prelabor rupture of the fetal membranes becomes available, can fetal membranes be targeted therapeutically? Issues related to study of fetal membranes Times, however, are changing Evidence for Corpus Luteal and Endometrial Origins of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Women Conceiving with or Without Assisted Reproduction Key points Introduction Endometrium spectrum disorders: a new and emerging concept In vitro fertilization: adverse pregnancy outcomes Why is in vitro fertilization associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes? Future investigations When the Fetus Goes Still and the Birth Is Tragic: The Role of the Placenta in Stillbirths Key points Introduction Risk factors for stillbirth in high-income countries Association between placental abnormalities and stillbirth Clinical utility of placental examination after stillbirth Using knowledge about the placenta to provide care in a pregnancy after stillbirth Summary Placental Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Method to Evaluate Placental Function In Vivo Key points Introduction Content Summary and perspectives
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