Linne and Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science: Concepts Procedures and Clinical Applications-8판

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
About the Author
Reviewers
Dedication
Preface
What뭩 new in the eighth edition of clinical laboratory science?
Ways to use this book
Acknowledgments

Part I: Basic Laboratory Techniques

1: Fundamentals of the Clinical Laboratory
Clinical laboratory science
Clinical laboratory science as a profession
Clinical laboratory overview
Clinical laboratory improvement amendments (CLIA) of 1988
Laboratory departments
Health care organizations
Primary accrediting organizations
External government laboratory accreditation and regulation
Alternate sites of testing
Medical-legal issues
Medical ethics
Case studies
Review questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Clinical Laboratory Science
Overview of the Clinical Laboratory
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of 1988
Laboratory Departments
Health Care Organizations
Primary Accrediting Organizations
External Government Laboratory Accreditation and Regulation
Alternate Sites of Testing
Medical-Legal Issues
Medical Ethics

2: Safety: Patient and Clinical Laboratory Practices
Patient safety
Safety standards and governing agencies
Avoiding transmission of infectious diseases
Bloodborne pathogens
Safe work practices for infection control
Specimen handling and shipping requirements
Prevention of disease transmission
Additional laboratory hazards
Final decontamination of waste materials
Safety audit
Basic first-aid procedures
Case study
Case Study 2.1 Multiple Choice Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Critical Thinking Group Discussion Questions
Review questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Patient Safety
Safety Standards and Governing Agencies
Avoiding Transmission of Infectious Diseases
Bloodborne Pathogens
Safe Work Practices for Infection Control
Specimen Handling and Shipping Requirements
Prevention of Disease Transmission
Additional Laboratory Hazards
Final Decontamination of Waste Materials
Safety audit
Basic first-aid procedures
Bonus Challenge Questions

3: Quality Assessment and Quality Control in the Clinical Laboratory
The value of quality
Patient specimens
Clinical laboratory improvement amendments
Voluntary accrediting organizations
ISO 15189 standards in clinical laboratories
Lean and six sigma
Quality assessment
Quality assessment뾢rror analysis
Quality assessment뾭hases of testing
Proficiency testing (PT)
Alternate assessment
Accuracy in reporting results and documentation
Quality control
Control specimens
Quality assessment descriptors
Quality control statistics
Total analytic error
Monitoring quality control
Other QC rules
Testing outcomes
Case study
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
The Value of Quality
Patient Specimens
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
Voluntary Accrediting Organizations
ISO 15189 Standards in Clinical Laboratories
Lean and Six Sigma
Quality Assessment
Quality뾇rror Analysis
Quality Assessment뾒hases of Testing
Proficiency Testing
Alternate Assessment
Accuracy in Reporting Results and Documentation
Quality Control
Control Specimens
Quality Assessment Descriptors
Quality Control Statistics
Total Analytical Error
Monitoring Quality Control
Other QC Rules
Testing Outcomes

4: Phlebotomy: Collecting and Processing Patient Blood Specimens
Quality assessment
Infection control
Specimen collection
Venous blood collection (phlebotomy)
Specimens: general preparation
Capillary or peripheral blood collection by skin puncture
Capillary blood collection
Case studies
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Quality Assessment
Infection Control
Specimen Collection
Venous Blood Collection (Phlebotomy)
Specimens: General Preparation
Capillary or Peripheral Blood Collection

5: The Microscope
Description
Parts of the microscope
Care and cleaning of the microscope
Use of the microscope
Other types of microscopes (Illumination systems)
Digital microscopy
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Description
Parts of the Microscope
Care and Cleaning of the Microscope
Use of the Microscope
Other Types of Microscopes (Illumination Systems)
Digital Microscopy and Workflow

6: Systems of Measurement, Laboratory Equipment, and Reagents
Systems of measurement
International System (SI System)
Labware
Laboratory balances
Laboratory centrifuges
Laboratory reagent water
Reagents used in laboratory assays
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Systems of Measurement
International System (SI System)
Labware
Laboratory Balances
Laboratory Centrifuges
Laboratory Reagent Water
Reagents Used in Laboratory Assays

7: Laboratory Mathematics and Solution Preparation
Significant figures
Exponents
Density and specific gravity
Expressions of solution concentration
Dilutions
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Significant Figures
Exponents
Density and Specific Gravity
Expressions of Solution Concentration
Dilutions

8: Basic and Contemporary Techniques in the Clinical Laboratory
Photometry
Absorbance spectrophotometry
Reflectance spectrophotometry
Nephelometry
Flow (cell) cytometry
Immunoassays
Alternative labeling technologies
Chemiluminescence
Chromatography and Immunochromatography
Molecular diagnostic techniques
Electrochemical methods
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Photometry
Absorbance Spectrophotometry
Reflectance Spectrophotometry
Nephelometry
Flow (Cell) Cytometry
Immunoassays
Alternative Labeling Technologies
Chemiluminescence
Chromatography and Immunochromatography
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
Electrochemical Methods
Chromatography

9: Laboratory Testing: From Point of Care to Total Automation
Point-of-care testing
Non뻟nstrument-based point-of-care testing
Handheld POCT Equipment
Emerging patient-centric technologies
Overview of informatics
Communication and network devices
Computer applications
Overview of automation
Case study
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Point-of-Care Testing
Non뻀nstrument-Based Point-of-Care Testing
Handheld POCT Equipment
Emerging Patient-Centric Technologies
Overview of Informatics
Communication and Network Devices
Computer Applications
Overview of Automation

Part II: Basic Clinical Laboratory Specializations

10: Introduction to the Principles and Practice of Clinical Chemistry
Glucose and glucose metabolism
Diabetes
Electrolytes
Acid-base balance and blood gases
Renal function
Uric acid
Lipids
Cardiovascular disease
Liver and pancreatic testing
Hormone assays
Tumor markers
Therapeutic drug monitoring
Drugs of abuse
Automation in clinical chemistry
Case studies
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Glucose and Glucose Metabolism
Diabetes
Electrolytes
Acid-Base Balance and Blood Gases
Renal Function
Uric Acid
Lipids
Cardiovascular Disease
Liver and Pancreatic Testing
Hormone Assays
Tumor Markers
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Drugs of Abuse
Automation in Clinical Chemistry

11: An Introduction to the Principles and Practice of Clinical Hematology
Hematopoiesis: overall blood cell maturation and function
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Lymphocyte maturation and function
Thrombocytes
Clinical hematology procedures
Additional hematology procedures
Red blood cell indices
Microscopic examination of the peripheral blood film
Case studies
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Hematopoiesis: Overall Blood Cell Maturation and Function
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Lymphocyte Maturation and Function
Thrombocytes
Clinical Hematology Procedures
Additional Hematology Procedures
Red Blood Cell Indices
Microscopic Examination of the Peripheral Blood Film

12: Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation
Hemostatic mechanism
Quantitative platelet disorders
Qualitative platelet disorders
Coagulation
Pathways for coagulation cascade
Fibrinolysis
Protective mechanisms against thrombosis
Tests for hemostasis and coagulation
Case studies
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Hemostatic Mechanism
Quantitative Platelet Disorders
Qualitative Platelet Disorders
Coagulation
Pathways for Coagulation Cascade
Fibrinolysis
Protective Mechanisms Against Thrombosis
Tests for Hemostasis and Coagulation

13: Renal Physiology and Urinalysis
Overview of urinalysis
Renal anatomy and physiology
Composition of urine
Collection and preservation of urine specimens
Physical properties of urine
Chemical tests in routine urinalysis
Microscopic analysis of urine sediment
Constituents of urine sediment
Automation in Urinalysis
Case studies
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Overview of Urinalysis
Renal Anatomy and Physiology
Composition of Urine
Collection and Preservation of Urine Specimens
Physical Properties of Urine
Chemical Tests in Routine Urinalysis
Microscopic Analysis of Urine Sediment
Constituents of Urine Sediment
Automation in Urinalysis

14: Examination of Body Fluids and Miscellaneous Specimens
Overview of Body Fluids
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Serous Fluids: Pericardial, Pleural, and Peritoneal
Synovial Fluid
Seminal Fluid
Amniotic Fluid
Saliva
Automation in Body Fluid Analysis
Case studies
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Overview of Body Fluids
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Serous Fluids: Pericardial, Pleural, and Peritoneal
Synovial Fluid
Seminal Fluid
Amniotic Fluid
Saliva
Automation in Body Fluid Analysis

15: Introduction to Medical Microbiology
Introduction to Microorganisms
Classification of Microorganisms: Taxonomy
Protection of Laboratory Personnel and Good Laboratory Practices
Specimens for Microbiological Examination
Basic Equipment and Techniques Used in Microbiology
Identification of Bacteria
Urine Cultures
Throat Cultures
Genitourinary Cultures
Enteric Disease
Blood Cultures
Wound or Soft Tissue Cultures
Bacterial Disease
Quality Control in the Microbiology Laboratory
Mycobacteria
Tests for Fungi (Mycology)
Tests for Parasites (Parasitology)
Tests for Viruses (Virology)
Automation
Case studies
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Introduction to Microorganisms
Classification of Microorganisms: Taxonomy
Protection of Laboratory Personnel and Good Laboratory Practices
Specimens for Microbiological Examination
Basic Equipment and Techniques Used in Microbiology
Identification of Bacteria
Urine Cultures
Throat Cultures
Genitourinary Cultures
Enteric Disease
Blood Cultures
Wound or Soft Tissue Cultures
Bacterial Disease
Quality Control in the Microbiology Laboratory
Mycobacteria
Tests for Fungi (Mycology)
Tests for Parasites (Parasitology)
Tests for Viruses (Virology)
Automation

16: Immunology and Serology
Overview of Immunology and Serology
Antigens and Antibodies
Complement
Body Defenses Against Microbial Disease
Hypersensitivity
Types of Antigens and Reactions
Cells and Cellular Activities of the Immune System
Immunologic Disorders
Principles of Immunologic and Serologic Methods
Specimens for Serology and Immunology
Immunologic and Serologic Testing for Bacterial and Viral Diseases
Autoimmune Disorders
Case studies
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Overview of Immunology and Serology
Antigens and Antibodies
Complement
Body Defenses Against Microbial Disease
Hypersensitivity
Types of Antigens and Reactions
Cells and Cellular Activities of the Immune System
Immunologic Disorders
Principles of Immunologic and Serologic Methods
Specimens for Serology and Immunology
Immunologic and Serologic Testing for Bacterial and Viral Disease
Autoimmune Disorders

17: Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine
Overview of blood banking
Benefits and reasons for transfusion
Whole blood, blood components, and derivatives for transfusion
Blood donation: donors, collection, storage, and processing
Other Types of Blood Donations
Antigens and Antibodies in Immunohematology
ABO red blood cell group system
Rh red blood cell group system
Other blood group systems
Antihuman globulin reaction
Compatibility testing and crossmatching
Adverse Effects of Transfusion
Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn
Automated Testing Technology and Systems
Case studies
Review Questions (Answers in Appendix A)
Overview of Blood Banking
Benefits and Reasons for Transfusion
Whole Blood, Blood Components, and Derivatives for Transfusion
Blood Donation: Donors, Collection, Storage, and Processing
Other Types of Blood Donations
Antigens and Antibodies in Immunohematology
ABO Red Blood Cell Group System
Rh Red Blood Cell Group System
Other Blood Group Systems
Antihuman Globulin Reaction
Compatibility Testing and Crossmatching
Adverse Effects of Transfusion
Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn
Automated Testing Technology and Systems
Appendix A: Answers to Review Questions
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of the Clinical Laboratory
Chapter 2 Safety: Patient and Clinical Laboratory Practices
Chapter 3 Quality Assessment and Quality Control in the Clinical Laboratory
Chapter 4 Phlebotomy: Collecting and Processing Patient Blood Specimens
Chapter 5 The Microscope
Chapter 6 Systems of Measurement, Laboratory Equipment, and Reagents
Chapter 7 Laboratory Mathematics and Solution Preparation
Chapter 8 Basic and Contemporary Techniques in the Clinical Laboratory
Chapter 9 Laboratory Testing: From Point of Care to Total Automation
Chapter 10 Introduction to the Principles and Practice of Clinical Chemistry
Chapter 11 An Introduction to the Principles and Practice of Clinical Hematology
Chapter 12 Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation
Chapter 13 Renal Physiology and Urinalysis
Chapter 14 Examination of Body Fluids and Miscellaneous Specimens
Chapter 15 Introduction to Medical Microbiology
Chapter 16 Immunology
Chapter 17 Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine
Appendix B: Disease/Organ Panels
AMA-designated laboratory testing panels
Representative examples of laboratory testing related to a specific disorder or disease
Glossary
Index